Urology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, as well as the reproductive system of males. Urologists are medical professionals who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra, as well as the male reproductive organs, such as the prostate, penis, and testicles.

Some common urological surgeries include:

• Prostatectomy: Removal of part or all of the prostate gland, often performed to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
• Nephrectomy: Removal of one or both kidneys, usually due to cancer, severe infection, or kidney damage.
• Cystectomy: Removal of part or all of the bladder, typically performed to treat bladder cancer.
• Ureteral Surgery: Procedures to repair or remove parts of the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, often due to blockages or strictures.
• Urethral Surgery: Procedures to repair or reconstruct the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
• Kidney Stone Surgery: Various procedures to remove kidney stones, including lithotripsy (breaking up stones with shock waves), ureteroscopy (passing a scope through the urethra and bladder to remove stones), or surgical removal.
• Testicular Surgery: Procedures such as orchiectomy (removal of one or both testicles) may be performed to treat testicular cancer or other conditions affecting the testes.
• Penile Surgery: Surgical interventions for conditions like Peyronie's disease, erectile dysfunction, or penile cancer.
• Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversal: Surgical procedures for male sterilization and restoration of fertility, respectively.